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Singh, P.
- Drugs Prescribing Pattern in A Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India - Madhya Pradesh in Years 2013- 14
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, IN
2 Department of Physiology, IN
3 PG. 3rd Year Student, Department of Pharmacology, S.s. Medical College, Rewa, MP, IN
4 PG.2nd Year Student, Integral Institute of Medical Science&research, Lucknow, UP., IN
1 Department of Pharmacology, IN
2 Department of Physiology, IN
3 PG. 3rd Year Student, Department of Pharmacology, S.s. Medical College, Rewa, MP, IN
4 PG.2nd Year Student, Integral Institute of Medical Science&research, Lucknow, UP., IN
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The Indian Practitioner, Vol 67, No 11 (2014), Pagination: 674-680Abstract
Irrational prescription of drugs is a common occurrence in clinical practice. The aim of the study is to assess the prescription pattern of drugs at the Outpatient Department of a tertiary care SGM Hospital, Central India, Madhya Pradesh. 3587 prescriptions were randomly collected from OPDs departments and were analysed according to the WHO/INRUD indicators. Results of this study show that the maximum patients - 43.57% attending OPD belonged to 33-42 age group, and maximum - 34.54% prescriptions were from the Department of Medicine. Nutritional supplements (25.83%), NSAIDs (25.43%), antibiotics (22.19%) and GIT drugs (18.75%) were the most commonly prescribed groups. Maximum (96.88%) drugs were prescribed by generic names. The average number of drugs per prescriptions was 3.11, most (36.71 %) of the prescriptions had 4 drugs, injectable drugs were used in 8.83% prescriptions, while fixed dose combinations were used in 33.43% prescriptions. Prescription rationality in this study is poor in terms of polypharmacy, and excessive use of nutritional supplements.Keywords
Drugs, Prescriptions, Rational / Irrational, WHO, Polypharmacy
- Frequency and Distribution of ABO and Rh (Factor) Blood Groups Among Medical Students of Central India, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Physiology, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, (Mp) - 486001, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, (Mp) - 486001, IN
3 Department of Medicine, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, (Mp) - 486001, IN
1 Department of Physiology, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, (Mp) - 486001, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, (Mp) - 486001, IN
3 Department of Medicine, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, (Mp) - 486001, IN
Source
The Indian Practitioner, Vol 68, No 1 (2015), Pagination: 19-23Abstract
This study was conducted in the department of Physiology at S.S. Medical College, Rewa, MP with the aim to determine the frequency and distribution of "A, B, AB, O and Rh" blood groups among medical students and link them to blood groups related diseases. Students were enrolled between December 2012 and March 2013. A total 223 students were enrolled; blood samples were collected by finger prick method. A drop of anti-sera A, B, and anti D were added to a drop of blood on clean and fresh glass slides and mixed well with glass rod. Of these 223 students, 137 were males and 86 were females. Result shows that blood group B was the most predominant (39.46%) followed by O (29.59%), A (20.62%) and AB (10.31%). Of them 95.06% were Rh positive blood group. Group B was the commonest blood group in both male and female students 37.95% and 41.86% respectively; Rh group (antigen) was positive (+ve) in 93.43% of males and 97.67% females. In this study we concluded that group 'B' is the commonest blood groups among both male (37.95%) and female (41.86%) medical students.Keywords
Blood groups, ABO, Rhesus factor, Medical Students.- Menstrual Pattern and Common Menstrual Abnormalities in the High School Girls in Underdeveloped District (Rewa) of Madhya Pradesh: a Cross Sectional Study in School Girls at Central India
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Physiology, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, MP, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, MP, IN
3 Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneshwar, (Orissa), IN
4 Head, Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneshwar, (Orissa), IN
1 Department of Physiology, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, MP, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, MP, IN
3 Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneshwar, (Orissa), IN
4 Head, Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneshwar, (Orissa), IN
Source
The Indian Practitioner, Vol 68, No 8 (2015), Pagination: 43-48Abstract
Menstrual disorders may affect the life of adolescents and young adult women, and may sometimes cause serious problems. The patterns of menstrual cycles were analysed for association with age of menarche, prevalence of menstrual irregularity, dysmenorrhoea, prolonged menstrual bleeding, and effect of menstrual disorders, especially dysmenorrhoea, on social activities and school attendance among the female students.Methods: A total of 149 students were randomly selected and asked to complete the anonymous questionnaire of 27 items.
Results: The mean age of the participants was 15.66 ± 0.96 years ranging from 14 to 17 years; mean menarche age was 12.81 ± 1.09 years with a range of 9-16 years. The duration between two periods and the menstrual flow were 27.7 ± 2.5 days and 5.8 ± 1.4 days, respectively. The prevalence of scanty bleeding, menorrhagia\hypermenorrhoea, oligomenorrhoea, metrorrhagia, and dysmenorrhoea were 26.10%, 12.08%, 10.06%, 5.36% and 52.34%, respectively. Approximately 3.81% of dysmenorrhoeic subjects had severe dysmenorrhoea; dysmenorrhoea affected school concentration in 25.49%, sports participation in 39.59%, social withdrawal in 31.54% and school absenteeism in 20.80%. Most common symptoms of dysmenorrhoea was abdominal cramps 81.81%, others are 38.96% backache, 24.67%, headache, 33.76% fatigue, 7.79% diarrhea, 6.49% vomiting and 31.16% abdominal bloating were reported.
Conclusion: The prevalence of menstrual abnormality and dysmenorrhoea was high, and most adolescents have inappropriate and insufficient information about menstrual problems. Hence, an education programme is needed at the end of primary school about menarche and menstruation.
Keywords
Menstruation, Menstrual Disorders, Premenstrual-Symptoms, Dysmenorrhoea.- Frequencies of ABO and Rh (D) Blood Groups in Central Region of India: Madhya Pradesh
Abstract Views :180 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Physiology, S.S. Medical College Rewa, MP, IN
2 Department of Pharmacotogy, S.S. Medical College Rewa, MP, IN
3 Department of Pathology, S.S. Medical College Rewa, MP, IN
4 Department of Pharmacology, S.S. Medical College Rewa, MP, IN
1 Department of Physiology, S.S. Medical College Rewa, MP, IN
2 Department of Pharmacotogy, S.S. Medical College Rewa, MP, IN
3 Department of Pathology, S.S. Medical College Rewa, MP, IN
4 Department of Pharmacology, S.S. Medical College Rewa, MP, IN
Source
The Indian Practitioner, Vol 66, No 2 (2013), Pagination: 91-94Abstract
Objectives: This study was carried to find out the trend of biood group (ABO and Rh) distribution among central Indian population of Madhya Pradesh. Methodology: Data were collected from department of Blood bank and Pathology of SS Medical College and associated SGM Hospital Rewa, over 1 year period; total 16209 (12295 male and 3914 female) subjects of both genders includes Voluntary donors and recipient patients attending the hospital. Results: Group B (36.52%) was the most and AB (4.93%) was the least prevalent blood group in this study, followed in order by B (36.52%) > 0 (33.24) > A (24.29%) > AB (4.93%). Rhesus antigen was positive in 97.52% and negative only in 2.47% population. The maximum 1.12% of Rhesus negative was found in blood group 0 and minimum 0.024% in AB group. Conclusion: The distribution of blood group varies from race to race. B was the most common group, 0 was the second commonest blood group after B and AB was the least common blood group in both Rh (D) positive and negative subjects in this study. The result of this study should be implicated in blood banks regarding the higher needs of certain blood groups and improve their functional status.Keywords
ABO, Blood Groups, Rhesus-Factor.- Comparative Study on the Dermatoglyphic Pattern among Diabetic (Type-2) and Non-Diabetic Adults in North Indian Population
Abstract Views :203 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Anatomy, IIMS & R, Hospital, Integral University, Lucknow (UP), IN
2 Department of Physiology, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, (MP) - 486001, IN
1 Department of Anatomy, IIMS & R, Hospital, Integral University, Lucknow (UP), IN
2 Department of Physiology, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, (MP) - 486001, IN
Source
The Indian Practitioner, Vol 69, No 10 (2016), Pagination: 11-14Abstract
Dermatoglyphics is the study of epidermal ridges and their configurations. Its appearance in individuals is genetically determined. As the diabetes mellitus also was a genetic background, one can assume that there might be certain dermatoglyphic findings specific to diabetic patients. Aims & objectives: Aim of the study is to determine the dermatoglyphic patterns and their co-relation in Type 2 diabetes mellitus in North Indian population. Material&Methods: This study was conducted in Department of Anatomy, IIMS &R, Hospital, Lucknow. 100 diabetic subjects were enrolled as test group and 150 non-diabetic healthy subjects were enrolled as control group from a healthy population. To record the fingertip patterns, Modified Purvis-Smith ink method was applied. Results: In both diabetic males and females WHORLS are most common (p≤0.000, Extremely Significant) in both right (52.07% males; 53.19% females) and left (51.32% males; 51.48% females) hands. However in non -diabetic both males and females; LOOPS are most common (Extremely Significant, p≤0.000) in both right (61.19% males; 66.67% females) and left hand. (56.90% males; 66.06% females) Conclusion: In our study, the whorls are most common pattern in both right and left hands of male as well as female diabetic subjects. Loops are most common pattern in both right and left hands, in males as well as females in non-diabetic subjects.Keywords
Dermatoglyphics, Diabetes Mellitus, Finger Tip, Adults.References
- Larsen, Kronenberg et al. Williams’s textbook of endocrinology. Elsevier India Publisher, 2003; 10thEdition: 1428-1431
- Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004; 27:1047-53
- Mohan V, Madan Z, Jha R, Deepa R, Pradeepa R. Diabetessocial and economic perspectives in the new millenium. Int. J. Diab. Dev. Countries 2004; 24: 29-35
- European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Available from: http://www.easd.org/ customfiles /genin fo.htm. 2004
- World Health Organization (WHO). A report of WHO: Consultation, Definition, Diagnosis, Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications. 1999
- World Health Organization (WHO), International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Diabetes Action Now. 2004
- Schaumann B, Alter M. Dermatoglyphics in Medical Disorders. NewYork: Springer Verlag; Berlin, 1976; 27: 871
- aiwo IA and Adebanjo O. Evaluation of association between digital dermatoglyphic traits and type-2 diabetes in Lagos, Nigeria. Nig Q J Hosp Med 2012; 22(3): 191-199
- Purvis-Smith, S.G. Finger and palm printing techniques for the clinician. Med J. Aust 1969; 2: 189
- Feroz khan, J. Pathan, Rubeena N. Hashmi. Variations of Dermatoglyphic Features in Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Recent Trends in Science and Technology 2013; 8 (1): 410
- Sant SM, Vare AM, Fakhruddin S. Dermatoglyphics in diabetes mellitus. J Anat Soc India 1983; 3(2): 127-30
- Karim, Karim J, Mohammed AL, Saleem A. Dermatoglyphics Study of Finger Prints Pattern’s Variations of a Group of Type II Diabetic Mellitus Patients in Erbil City. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 2014; 6 (4); 11-13
- Ravindranath R, Thomas I.H. Finger ridge count and finger print pattern in maturity onset diabetes mellitus. Ind J Med Sci 1995; 49: 153-156
- Verbov JL. Dermatoglyphics in early onset diabetes mellitus. Human Hered. 1973; 23 (6): 535-42
- Sengupta S, Borush J. Finger dermatoglyphic patterns in diabetes mellitus. J. Hum. Eco 1996; l7 (3): 203-206
- Vera M, Cabrera E and Guell R. Dermatoglyphics in insulin dependent diabetic patients with limited joint mobility. Acta Diabetol 1995; 32 (2): 78-81
- Panda M, Chinara PK, Nayak AK. Dermatoglyphics in diabetes mellitus. J Anat Soc India 2004; 53: 33-66
- Pramila M, Padmini , Narasinga Rao and Malleswari B. The Study of Dermatoglyphics in Diabetics of North Coastal Andhra Pradesh Population. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences 2011; 1 (2): 75-80
- A Prospective Study of Adverse Drug Reactions Monitoring in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Rewa (MP)
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, (MP), IN
2 Department of Medicine, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, (MP), IN
1 Department of Pharmacology, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, (MP), IN
2 Department of Medicine, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, (MP), IN
Source
The Indian Practitioner, Vol 69, No 11 (2016), Pagination: 11-15Abstract
Aims and Objectives: The aim of study is to determine the pattern of suspected ADRs reported in ICU and ward admitted patients in a tertiary care hospital.
Material and methods: Study was conducted in the department of Pharmacology and department of Medicine, SS Medical College and SGM Hospital, Rewa, MP, during October 2014 to September 2015. Total 130 cases were enrolled in study that presented with suspected ADRs during study period, after taking written informed consent. Clinical evaluation and scrutiny of data was done to assess pattern, extent and duration of the suspected adverse drug reactions, affected organ system and involvement of therapeutic drugs classes as a part of the drug reaction.
Results: The result of this study showed that maximum (25%) patients belonged to the 18-25 years of age group, of these 55% was males and 45% were females. Mean (± SD) age of these patients was 34.84 ± 20.99 years. Among the reported suspected ADRs; maximum (26%) were skin rashes, followed by pruritus (15%), nausea, vomiting and rigor each occur 7%; Fever 6%, Apnea, oral ulcers and headache 3%. The most commonly affected organ system was skin and mucous membrane (44%), followed by central nervous system (11%), gastrointestinal system (10%), respiratory system (7%), and cardiovascular system (5%) in decreasing order. Of these; majority of suspected ADRs were associated with use of antimicrobials (68%), followed by NSAIDs (9%); Hematinics (5%); Antihypertensive, Antianginal, Antiepileptics, Hypoglycemis, Corticosteroids and Ionotrops (2%).
Conclusions: The Hospital-based monitoring of suspected ADRs is convenient but it is under reported and the limitation of these studies is that they do not yield the exact incidence of suspected ADRs associated with particular drug use.
Keywords
Drugs, Adverse Drug Reaction, Morbidity, Organ System.References
- RabburRSM, Emmerton L. An introduction to adverse drug reporting system in different countries. Int J Pharm Prac 2005; 13(1):91-100.
- Onder G, Pedone C, Landi F, Cesari M, Della VC and Bernabei R. Adverse Drug Reactions as Cause of Hospital Admissions Results from the Italian Group of Pharmacoepidemiology in the Elderly (GIFA). J Am GeriatrSoc 2002; 50(12):1962-1968.
- Lazarou J, Pomeranz BH and Corey PN. Incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized Patients.A Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies. Journal of American medical Association 1998; 279(15):1200-1205.
- Hakkarainen KM, Hedna K, Petzold M, Hagg S. Percentage of patients with preventable adverse drug reactions and preventability of adverse drug reactionsA meta-analysis. PLOS ONE 2012;7 (3): 104-109.
- Alomar M J. Factors affecting the development of adverse drug reactions. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 2014;22:83-94.
- Vallano A, Cereza G, Arnau J M. Obstacles and solutions for spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions in the hospital. Br J Clin Pharmacol. Dec 2005; 60 (6):653-658.
- Gupta R, Sheik A, Strachan D, Anderson HR. Increasing hospital admission for systemic allergies disorders in England: analysis of national admission data. Br Med J 2003;327(7424):1142-1143.
- Chawla S, Kalra BS, Dharmshaktu P, Sahni P. Adverse drug reaction monitoring in a tertiary care teaching hospital. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2011;2(3):196-198.
- Arulmani R, Rajendran SD, Suresh B. Adverse drug reaction monitoring in a secondary care hospital in South India. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007;65(2):210-216.
- Murphy BM and FrigoLC.Development, Implementation and Results of a Successful Multidisciplinary Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Program in a University Teaching Hospital 1993; 28: 1199-1204.
- Jose J, Rao PG. Pattern of adverse drug reaction notified by spontaneous reporting in an Indian tertiary care teaching hospital. Pharmacol Res 2006;54:226-233.
- Glassen DC, Pestotnik SL, Evans RS, Burke JP. Computerized surveillance of adverse drug events in hospital patients. JAMA 1991;266:2847-2851.
- Prosser TR, Kamysz PL. Multidisciplinary adverse drug reaction surveillance programme. Am J Hosp Pharm 1990;47:1334-1339.
- Wester K, Jonnson AK, Spigset O, Druid H, Hagg S. Incidence of fatal adverse drug reactions: a population based study. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol 2007;65(4):573-579.
- Gor AP, Desai SV. Adverse drug reactions (ADR) in the inpatients of medicine department of a rural tertiary care teaching hospital and influence of pharmacovigilance in reporting ADR. Indian J. Pharmacol. 2008;40(1):37-40.
- Vora MB, Trivedi HR, Shah BK, Tripathi CB. Adverse drug reaction in inpatient of internal medicine wards at a tertiary care hospital: a prospective cohort study. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2011;2(1):21-25.
- Leape LL, Brennan TA, Laird N, Lawthers AG, Localio AR, Barnes BA. The nature of adverse events in hospitalized patients. N Engl J Med 1991;324(6):377-384.
- Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reaction (CADR): An Overview
Abstract Views :163 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, (MP) – 486001, IN
2 Department of Physiology, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, (MP) – 486001, IN
3 Department of Anatomy, Sukh Sagar. Medical College & Hospital, Jabalpur, MP, IN
4 Department of Medicine, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, (MP) – 486001, IN
5 Department of Ayurveda Rewa, (MP) – 486001, IN
1 Department of Pharmacology, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, (MP) – 486001, IN
2 Department of Physiology, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, (MP) – 486001, IN
3 Department of Anatomy, Sukh Sagar. Medical College & Hospital, Jabalpur, MP, IN
4 Department of Medicine, S.S. Medical College, Rewa, (MP) – 486001, IN
5 Department of Ayurveda Rewa, (MP) – 486001, IN
Source
The Indian Practitioner, Vol 70, No 1 (2017), Pagination: 11-15Abstract
Aims and Objectives: Aim of this prospective, hospital based study is to determine the pattern of cutaneous adverse drug reactions (ADR). Material and methods: The study was conducted in the department of Pharmacology and department of Medicine, at SS Medical College and associated SGM Hospital, Rewa, MP from Oct 2014 to Sept 2015; total 130 cases were enrolled with suspected ADRs. Results: In this study maximum (25%) patients belonged to 18-25 years of age group. Mean (± SD) age of these patients was 34.84 ± 20.99 years. The skin and mucous membrane are most commonly (52.29%) affected organ system with suspected ADRs followed by central nervous system (9.19%) and gastrointestinal system (8.62%). Among the cutaneous ADRs; 51.64% were skin rashes followed by 29.67% pruritus, 5.49% oral ulcers, 3.29% Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), 2.19% bullous eruption, 2.19% lips swelling, 2.19% toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), 1.09% oral candidiasis, 1.09% red man syndrome and 1.09% hair changes. Of these ADRs; 82.41%were associated with use of antimicrobials followed by 14.28% NSAIDs. Amongst AMAs 20.97% ADRs were associated with fluoroquinolones, 18.68% with cephalosporin, 10.98% with penicillin and 5.49% with sulphonamide. Conclusions: In this study, skin and mucous membrane is most commonly (52.29%) affected organ system; skin rashes and pruritus are the most common cutaneous ADRs and majority of cases were associated with use of fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins AMAs.Keywords
Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions (CADR), Exanthematous Drug Eruptions, Antimicrobial Agents (AMAs), Fluoroquinolones.References
- Edward IR, Aronson JK. Adverse drug reaction: definition, diagnosis and management. Lancet 2000; 356 (9237): 1255-1259.
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- Rao PGM, Archana B, Jose J. Implementation and result of adverse drug reaction reporting program at an Indian teaching hospital. Indian J Pharmacol2006; 38 (4): 293-4.
- Brown SD and Landry FJ. Recognizing Reporting and Reducing Adverse Drug Reactions. Southern Medical Journal 2001; 94: 370-372.
- Padmaja U, Adhikari P, Pereira P. A prospective analysis of adverse drug reaction in a south Indian hospital. Online J Health Allied Sci. 2009; 8 (3): 12.
- David WB, Nathan S, David JC. Elisabeth B, Nan L, Laura A and Petersen. The Cost of Adverse Drug Events in Hospitalized Patients. Journal of American Medical Association. 1997; 277 (4): 307-311.
- Bordet S, Gautier H, Lelouet B and Dupuis J. Caron. Analysis of the Direct Cost of Adverse Drug Reaction in Hospitalised Patients. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2001; 56: 935-39.
- Arulmani R, Rajendran SD, Suresh B. Adverse drug reaction monitoring in a secondary care hospital in South India. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 65 (2): 210-216.
- Murphy BM, Frigo LC. Development, implementation and results of a successful multidisciplinary adverse drug reactions reporting program in a university teaching hospital. Hosp Pharm 1993; 28: 1199-1204.
- Jose J, Rao PG. Pattern of adverse drug reaction notified by spontaneous reporting in a Indian tertiary care teaching hospital. Pharmacol Res 2006; 54: 226-233.
- Glassen DC, Pestotnik SL, Evans RS, Burke JP. Computerized surveillance of adverse drug events in hospital patients. JAMA 1991; 266: 2847-2851.
- Prosser TR, Kamysz PL. Multidisciplinary adverse drug reaction surveillance programme. Am J Hosp Pharm 1990; 47: 1334-1339.
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- Chawla S, Kalra BS, Dharmshaktu P, Sahni P. Adverse drug reaction monitoring in a tertiary care teaching hospital. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2011; 2 (3): 196-198.
- Gruchalla R. Understanding drug allergies. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 105: 637–44.
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- Wester K, Jonnson AK, Spigset O, Druid H, Hagg S. Incidence of fatal adverse drug reactions: a population based study. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol 2007; 65 (4): 573-579.
- Gor AP, Desai SV. Adverse drug reactions (ADR) in the inpatients of medicine department of a rural tertiary care teaching hospital and influence of pharmacovigilance in reporting ADR. Indian J. Pharmacol. 2008; 40 (1): 37-40.
- Vora MB, Trivedi HR, Shah BK, Tripathi CB. Adverse drug reaction in inpatient of internal medicine wards at a tertiary care hospital: a prospective cohort study. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2011; 2 (1): 21-25.
- Leape LL, Brennan TA, Laird N, Lawthers AG, Localio AR, Barnes BA. The nature of adverse events in hospitalized patients. N Engl J Med 1991; 324 (6):377-384.
- V K Sharma, G Sethuraman, B Kumar. Cutaneous adverse drug reactions: clinical pattern and causative agents--a 6 year series from Chandigarh, India. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 2001; 47 (2): 95-99
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